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The Framework
The Surgical Autonomy Ladder
Six levels, from simple assistance to independent decision making. Here's where nine real systems actually sit today, and how far the frontier still has to go.
05
04
03
02
01
00
Full Autonomy
No systems available today
High Autonomy
Executes a task, surgeon watches
Conditional Autonomy
Plans a step, surgeon approves
Task Autonomy
Automates one motion, under control
Robot Assistance
Filters and steadies the surgeon's hand
No Autonomy
Direct manual control, no filtering
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