The Surgical Autonomy Registry.
NextInSurgery — Edition 1
Nine surgical robots. Placed on the six-level autonomy ladder. Checked against FDA filings and peer-reviewed studies instead of press releases.
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See It Work
Every claim gets checked. Here's one that didn't hold up.
mBôs TKA System
Monogram Technologies · FDA 510(k) cleared, March 2025
Monogram describes its FDA-cleared system as designed to "autonomously execute optimized paths" for implant insertion. A separate, not-yet-cleared version performs the bone resection itself — and that's the one the company's autonomy language is really about.
Flagged — Claim Exceeds Evidence
Two different capabilities, one brand name. The Registry entry unbundles them and sources each separately — the kind of check that doesn't happen in a press release.
The Framework
Six levels. One variable: who decides, who executes.
L0
Manual
The surgeon controls everything.
L1
Assisted
The system refines the surgeon's own movement.
L2
Shared Control
The system executes a constrained subtask under supervision.
L3
Supervised Autonomy
The robot performs a defined task independently.
L4
Conditional Autonomy
The robot completes larger portions of a procedure alone.
L5
Full Autonomy
No system has reached this level. None exist yet.
What's Inside
9 systems. Every entry sourced.
da Vinci Xi / 5 — Intuitive Surgical — L1
Hugo RAS — Medtronic — L1
Versius / Versius Plus — CMR Surgical — L1
OTTAVA — J&J MedTech — L1
Mako SmartRobotics — Stryker — L2
ROSA Knee — Zimmer Biomet — L2
mBôs TKA — Monogram — L2–L3, flagged
STAR — Johns Hopkins — L3
SRT-H — Johns Hopkins & Stanford — L4